Jat people From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jat Maharaja Churaman • Bhagat Singh • Gurdas Mann • Bobby DeolBhagat Dhanna • Foolabai • Maharaja Kishan Singh • Simi Garewal Total population 33 million[1] Regions with significant populations • India • Pakistan Languages Punjabi • Hindi • Urdu Religion Hinduism • Sikhism • Islam Related ethnic groups other Indo-Aryan peoples The Jat people (Hindi: जाट Jāṭ, Punjabi: ਜੱਟ Jaṭṭ) are a historical Indo-Aryan tribal group native to the Punjab region, Haryana, Uttar Pradesh and Rajasthan. The Jats rose to prominence following the 1669 Jat uprising against Mughal rule, and they ruled various princely states throughout the 18th century. After 1858, under the British Raj, the Jats were known for their service in the Indian Army, being categorized as a "martial race" by the British, specifically in the Jat Regiment, the Punjab Regiment and the Sikh Regiment. In 1931, the date of the last census of the British Raj before the abolition of caste, they were distributed throughout North India, mostly in the Punjab and Rajputana. Today, they form a social group in both India and Pakistan, organized in numerous clans, with an estimated total population of roughly 33 million. Contents 1 Name 2 Origins and genetic studies 3 History 3.1 Medieval period 3.2 Jat uprising and aftermath 3.3 Jat states of the 18th century 3.4 Sikh States 4 Demographics 4.1 Census under the British Raj 4.2 Post-independence estimates 4.2.1 Republic of India 4.2.2 Pakistan 4.3 North American diaspora communities 5 Culture and society 5.1 Military 5.2 Religion 5.3 Social customs 5.4 Language 6 Clan system 7 See also 8 References 9 Further reading 10 External links Name A Scythian horseman from the general area of the Ili river, Pazyryk, c 300 BCE. The name Jat has frequently been connected to the names of the Getae and Massagetae, beginning with James Tod in 1829.[2] This suggests an ultimate origin of the Jat tribal group in the Indo-Scythian period of roughly 200 BC to AD 400. Alexander Cunningham connected it with the name of the Xanthii.[3] The tribal name Jat is first mentioned in the Mahabharata. Jat historian Thakur Deshraj suggested that Jat is a Prakrit derivation from Sanskrit jñāta, based on Panini's mention of Aṣṭādhyāyī in the form of shloka as जट झट सङ्घाते jat jhat sanghate.[4][5] Deshraj further supposes that the name originates with the jñātisaṃgha (ज्ञातिसंघ) that according to the Mahabharata was formed by Krishna as a federation of Vrishni and Andhaka clans.[6] Jats are further mentioned in a 5th century grammar treatise by Chandra, in the phrase अजय जर्टो हुणान ajaya jarto huṇān”, which refers to the defeat of Huns by two Jat rulers under the leadership of Yasodharman.[7][page needed][verification needed] G. C. Dwivedi writes that the Persian Majmal-ut-Tawarikh mentions Jats and Meds as the descendants of Ham (son of Noah), living in Sind on the banks of the river Bahar.[8][9] S.M. Yunus Jaffery believes that the Jat people have been mentioned in Shāhnāma, a well-known Persian epic.[10] Origins and genetic studies This section may require cleanup to meet Wikipedia's quality standards. Please improve this section if you can. (February 2010) The Jats have apparently formed during the centuries following the collapse of the Kushan Empire, during the early medieval period. They are assumed to be the product of admixture of Indo-Scythian elements to local Indo-Aryan groups.[11] In 2007 a limited medical survey of Haplotypes frequently found in the Jat Sikhs and Jats of Haryana, and the Romani populations resulted in no matches.[12] However, the recent discovery in 2009 of the "Jat mutation" that causes a type of glaucoma in Romani people. The press release from Leeds University states: "An international collaboration led by Manir Ali of the Leeds Institute of Molecular Medicine, first identified the ‘Jat’ mutation in one of four Pakistani families. Further study amongst Roma populations in Europe showed that the same mutation accounted for nearly half of all cases of PCG [Primary congenital glaucoma] in that community. Manir Ali’s research also confirms the widely accepted view that the Roma originated from the Jat clan of Northern India and Pakistan and not from Eastern Europe as previously believed."[13][14][15] There is some evidence connecting the Jats and the Romani people, the descendants of Indo-Aryan groups which emigrated from India towards Central Asia during the medieval period.[16] There are serological[17] similarities shared with several populations that linked the two people in a 1992 study.[18][19] History Medieval period Maharaja Suraj Mal Maharaja Ranjit Singh Maharaja Bhim Singh Rana Maharaja Bhupinder Singh Maharaja Churaman Main article: Jats in the pre-Aurangzeb period There are very few records concerning Jats prior to the 17th century. There are records of Jat states in Rajasthan (the north Rajasthan region, then known as Jangladesh).[20] It is not known when Jat people established themselves in the Indian desert. By the 4th century they had spread to the Punjab. After this, foreign invaders had to encounter with the Jats of this region.[21] The whole of the region was composed of seven cantons namely Punia, Sihag, Godara, Saran, Beniwal, Johiya and Kaswan.[20][22] Besides these cantons there were several clans of Jats, simultaneously wrested from Rajput proprietors for instance Bagor, Kharipatta, Mohila or Mehila,[23] K.R. Qanungo writes that when Muhammad bin Qasim invaded Sindh, the Kaikan region in Sindh was in independent possession of the Jat people.[24] In addition to frequent interaction with Jats (who for them represented Indians), the first Arab invasions of Persia and Sindh were met by the Jat people. According to Thakur Deshraj and Cunningham, Jat people of the Panwhar clan ruled Umerkot in Sindh prior to Mughal ruler Humayun.[25][26] Thakur Deshraj also mentions that the Susthan region in Sindh was ruled by Chandra Ram, a Jat of Hala clan. Chandra Ram lost his kingdom (known as Halakhandi) to the Muslim invaders sent by Muhammad bin Qasim.[27][28] There is no information of any important Jat state during the two centuries following Kushan rule. However, in the beginning of the fifth century, there is evidence of the Jat ruler Maharaja Shalinder ruling from "Shalpur" (the present-day Sialkot); his territory extended from Punjab to Malwa and Rajasthan. This is indicated by the Pali inscription obtained by James Tod from village Kanswa[29] in Kota state in year 1820 AD.[30] Jat uprising and aftermath Main articles: 1669 Jat uprising and Jat history (1669-1858) In 1699, the Jat people of the Gokula region around Mathura rebelled against the powerful Mughal rulers (see 1669 Jat uprising).[31] The rebellion resulted from political provocation aggravated by the economic discontent, and further aggravated by the religious persecution and discrimination.[32] In the disorder following Aurangzeb's death in 1707, the Jat resistance resumed, organized under the leadership of Churaman (1695–1721). Churaman's nephew, Badan Singh (1722–1756), established a kingdom centered at Deeg, from which he extended his rule over Agra and Mathura. Badan Singh's eldest son and successor, Maharaja Suraj Mal (1707–1763), extended his kingdom to include Agra, Mathura, Dholpur, Mainpuri, Hathras, Aligarh, Etawah, Meerut, Rohtak (including Bhiwani), Farrukhnagar, Mewat, Rewari and Gurgaon. He has been described as one of the greatest Jat rulers.[33][34] Suraj Mal moved the capital from Deeg to Bharatpur in 1733. Rustam, a Jat king of the Sogariya clan, had previously laid the foundation of the modern city of Bharatpur. During the British Raj, the princely state of Bharatpur covered an area of 5,123 km2, and its rulers enjoyed a salute of 17 guns. The state acceded to the dominion of India in 1947. [edit] Jat states of the 18th century According to Cunningham and William Cook, the city of Gohad was founded in 1505 by the Jats of Bamraulia village, who had been forced to leave Bamraulia by a satrap of Firuz Shah Tughluq. Gohad developed into an important Jat state, and was later captured by the Marathas. The Jat people of Gohad signed a treaty with the British and helped them capture Gwalior and Gohad from the Marathas. The British kept Gwalior and handed control of Gohad to Jat people in 1804.[35] Gohad was handed over to the Marathas under a revised treaty dated 22 November 1805 between the Marathas and the British. As a compensation for Gohad, the Jat ruler Rana Kirat Singh was given Dhaulpur, Badi and Rajakheda; Kirat Singh moved to Dhaulpur in December 1805.[35] In the 10th century, the Jat people took control of Dholpur, which had earlier been ruled by the Rajputs and the Yadavs. Dholpur was taken by Sikandar Lodhi in 1501, who transferred it to a Muslim governor in 1504. In 1527, the Dholpur fort fell to Babur and continued to be ruled by the Mughals until 1707. After the death of the Mughal emperor Aurangzeb, Raja Kalyan Singh Bhadauria obtained possession of Dholpur, and his family retained it until 1761. After that, Dholpur was taken successively by the Jat ruler Maharaja Suraj Mal of Bharatpur; by Mirza Najaf Khan in 1775; by the Scindia ruler of Gwalior in 1782; and finally, by the British East India Company in 1803. It was restored by the British to the Scindias under the Treaty of Sarji Anjangaon, but in consequence of new arrangements, was again occupied by the British. In 1806, Dholpur again came under the Jat rulers, when it was handed over to Kirat Singh of Gohad. Dholpur thus became a princely state, a vassal of the British during the Raj. Ballabhgarh was another important princely state established by the Jat people of the Tewatia clan, who had come from Janauli village. Balram Singh, the brother-in-law of Maharaja Suraj Mal was the first powerful ruler of Ballabhgarh. Raja Nahar Singh (1823–1858) was another notable king of this princely state. Other Jat states of the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries included Kuchesar (ruled by the Dalal Jat clan of Mandoti, Haryana), and the Mursan state (the present-day Hathras district in Uttar Pradesh) ruled by the Thenua Jats. The Jat people also briefly ruled at Gwalior and Agra. The Jat rulers Maharaja Bhim Singh Rana (1707–1756) and Maharaja Chhatar Singh Rana (1757–1782) occupied the Gwalior fort twice, Maharaja Bhim Singh Rana from 1740 to 1756, and Maharaja Chhatra Singh Rana from 1780 to 1783. Maharaja Suraj Mal captured Agra Fort on 12 June 1761 and it remained in the possession of Bharatpur rulers till 1774.[36] After Maharaja Suraj Mal, Maharaja Jawahar Singh, Maharaja Ratan Singh and Maharaja Kehri Singh (minor) under resident ship of Maharaja Nawal Singh ruled over Agra Fort. Sikh States Patiala and Nabha were two important Sikh[37][38] states in Punjab, ruled by the Jat-Sikh [39] people of the Siddhu clan.[40] The Jind state in present-day Haryana was founded by the descendants of Phul Jat of Siddhu ancestry.[40] These states were formed with the Military assistance of the 6th Sikh Guru, known as Guru Har Gobind.[41] The rulers of Faridkot were Brar Jat Sikhs.[42] The princely state of Kalsia was ruled by Sandhu Jat Sikhs.[43] Maharaja Ranjit Singh (1780–1839) of the Sandhawalia[40] Jat clan (other historians assert a Sansi Caste lineage to Maharaja Ranjit Singh[44]) of Punjab became the Sikh emperor of the sovereign country of Punjab and the Sikh Empire. He united the Sikh factions into one state, and conquered vast tracts of territory on all sides of his kingdom. From the capture of Lahore in 1799, he rapidly annexed the rest of the Punjab. To secure his empire, he invaded NWFP (which was then part of Afghanistan), and defeated the Pathan militias and tribes. Ranjit Singh took the title of "Maharaja" on April 12, 1801 (to coincide with Baisakhi day). Lahore served as his capital from 1799. In 1802 he took the city of Amritsar. In the year 1818, Ranjit Singh successfully invaded Kashmir. Demographics Today, the largest population centre is located in the Punjab region, Haryana and Rajasthan; there are smaller distributions across the world, due to the large immigrant diaspora. In the immigrant diaspora major populations centres include the U.K., U.S., Canada, New Zealand, Singapore, Japan, Indonesia, Russia, Belgium and Australia. Census under the British Raj The census in 1931 in India recorded population on the basis of ethnicity. In 1925, the population of Jatts was around nine million in South Asia and was made up of followers of three major religions as shown below.[45] Religion Jat Population % Hinduism 47% Islam 33% Sikhism 20% According to earlier censuses, the Jat people accounted for approximately 25% of the entire Sindhi-Punjabi speaking area, making it the "largest single socially distinctive group" in the region.[46] According to Hukum Singh Pawar (Pauria), adequate statistics about India's Jat population are available in the Census Report of India of 1931, which is the last and the most comprehensive source of information on the Jat people, who were estimated to be approximately ten million in number at that time.[47] The region-wise breakdown of the total Jatt people population in 1931 (including Jat Hindus, Jat Sikhs and Jat Muslims) is given in the following table. The Jat people, approximately 73%, were located mainly in the Punjab region.[48] Name of region Jat population 1931 ApproxPercentage Punjab (British India) 6,068,302 73 % Rajputana 1,043,153 12 % United Provinces of Agra and Oudh 810,114 9.2 % Kashmir and Jammu 148,993 2 % Balochistan 93,726 1.2 % NWFP 76,327 1 % Bombay Presidency 54,362 0.7 % Delhi 53,271 0.6 % Central Provinces and Berar 28,135 0.3 % Ajmer-Merwara 29,992 0.3 % Total 8,406,375 100 % Post-independence estimates Dhillon (1988) states that by taking population statistical analysis into consideration the Jatt population growth of both India and Pakistan since 1925, Quanungo's figure of nine million could be translated into a minimum population statistic (1988) of 30 million.[49] From 1931 to 1988 the estimated increase in the Jat people population of the Indian subcontinent including Pakistan respectively is 3.5% Hindu, 3.5% Sikh and 4.0% Muslim.[50] Sukhbir Singh estimates that the population of Hindu Jatts, numbered at 2,210,945 in the 1931 census, rose to about 7,738,308 by 1988, whereas Muslim Jatts, numbered at 3,287,875 in 1931, would have risen to about 13,151,500 in 1988. The total population of Jatts was given as 8,406,375 in 1931, and estimated to have been about 31,066,253 in 1988. Republic of India Jat people are considered a forward class in all the states of India with those of Punjabi or Haryana origin. Some specific clans of Jat people are classified as OBC in some states, e.g.Jats of Rajasthan, Uttar Pradesh, Delhi [51][52][53][54] Muslim Jats in Gujarat[55] and Mirdha Jat people (except Jat Muslims) in Madhya Pradesh.[56] Land reforms, particularly the abolition of Jagirdari and Zamindari systems, Panchayati Raj and Green Revolution, to which Jat people have been major contributors, have immensely contributed to the economic betterment of the Jat people. The Jat people are one of the most prosperous groups in India on a per-capita basis (Punjab, Haryana, and Gujarat are the wealthiest of Indian states).[57] Haryana has the largest number of rural crorepatis in India,[58] Traditionally Jats have dominated as the political class in Haryana[59] and Punjab.[60] A number of Jat people belonging to the political classes have produced many political leaders, including the 6th Prime Minister of India, Prime Minister Chaudhary Charan Singh. Adult franchise has created enormous social and political awakening among Jat people. Consolidation of economic gains and participation in the electoral process are two visible outcomes of the post-independence situation. Through this participation they have been able to significantly influence the politics of North India. Economic differentiation, migration and mobility could be clearly noticed amongst the Jat people.[61] Pakistan See also: Jats of Azad Kashmir, Jats of Jammu & Kashmir State, and Muslim Jat of Punjab A large number of the Jat Muslim people live in Pakistan[62] and have dominant roles in public life in the Punjab and Pakistan in general.[63][64] In addition to the Punjab, Jat communities are also found in Pakistani-administered Kashmir, in Sindh, particularly the Indus delta and among Seraiki-speaking communities in southern Punjab, the Kachhi region of Balochistan and the Dera Ismail Khan District of the North West Frontier Province. North American diaspora communities The Association of Jats of America (AJATA) is the main Jat people organization of North America.[65] It serves as the main body, forum and lobby for Jat people issues in North America. The North American Jat Charities (NAJC) is one of the main Jat people charities of North America. It serves as a charity for the welfare of Jat people in North America.[66] Culture and society Tejaji fairs are organized in all areas inhabited by Jats Main article: Life and culture of Jat people The life and culture of Jats is full of diversity and approaches most closely to that ascribed to the traditional Central Asian colonists of South Asia.[45][67] The Jat lifestyle was designed to foster a martial spirit.[68] Whenever they lost their kingdoms, Jat people retired to the country-side and became landed barons and the landlords with their swords girded round their waists.[45] They would draw the sword out of the scabbard at the command of their panchayat to fight with the invaders. Jat people have a history of being brave and ready fighters.[45] They are fiercely independent in character and value their self respect more than anything, which is why they offered heavy resistance against any foreign force that treated them unjustly.[45] They are known for their pride, bravery and readyness to sacrifice their lives in battle for their people and kinsmen.[67] In the government of their villages, they appear much more democratic. They have less reverence for hereditary right and a preference for elected headmen.[45] Military 14th Murrays Jat Lancers (Risaldar Major) by AC Lovett (1862-1919).jpg A WW1 (1914-1918) Jat Army Officer's Brass Button - from the famous 9th Jat Regiment an elite-fighting Unit of the Jat Regiment A large number of Jat people serve in the Indian Army, including the Jat Regiment, Sikh Regiment, Rajputana Rifles and the Grenadiers, where they have won many of the highest military awards for gallantry and bravery. Jat people also serve in the Pakistan Army especially in the Punjab Regiment, where they have also been highly decorated. The Jat Regiment is an infantry regiment of the Indian Army, it is one of the longest serving and most decorated regiments of the Indian Army.[69] The regiment won 19 battle honours between 1839 and 1947[70] and post independence 5 battle honours, eight Mahavir Chakra, eight Kirti Chakra, 32 Shaurya Chakra, 39 Vir Chakra and 170 Sena Medals.[69] Major Hoshiar Singh of Rohtak won the Param Vir Chakra during Indo-Pak war of 1971. Rohtak district in Haryana, which has a high density of Jat people, has the distinction of producing the highest number of Victoria Cross winners of any district in India. The Jat people were designated by British officials as a "martial race", a designation created by officials of British India to describe peoples that were thought to be naturally warlike and aggressive in battle. The British recruited heavily from these martial races for service in the colonial army.[71] Religion Historically, the Jat people have sent a very high percentage of their eligible men to the army. Jat people are followers of many faiths. Today they mostly follow Hinduism, Islam, or Sikhism, with a minority following Christianity[citation needed]. In 1925, the population of the Jat people was around nine million in British India, made up of followers of three major religions, Hinduism (47%), Islam (33%) and Sikhism (20%).[45] During the early 1900s, four million Jats of present-day Pakistan were mainly Muslim by faith and the nearly six million Jats of present-day India were mostly divided into two large groups: Hindus concentrated in Haryana and Rajasthan and Sikhs, concentrated in Punjab. The Hindu varna system is unclear on Jat status within the caste system. Some sources state that Jats are regarded as "Kshatriyas"[72][73][74] or "degraded Kshatriyas" who, as they did not observe Brahmanic rites and rituals, had fallen to the status of Sudra.[75] Most Sikh Jats were converted from Hindu Jats[76][77] so they would join forces with the Khalsa to fight against the Mughal monarchy. Social customs Main article: Social customs of Jat people It has been suggested that Social customs of Jat people be merged into this article or section. (Discuss) Language Jat people usually speak Punjabi, Urdu, Gojri, Dogri, Sindhi, Hindi and its dialects (Rajasthani, Haryanvi, Malvi). Hindu Jats from Haryana and Rajasthan mostly speak Haryanvi and Rajasthani specially their dialects Bangaru or Jatu (literary meaning the language of Jats) and Bagri language. Sikh and Muslim Jat people from the Punjab mostly speak Punjabi and its various dialects (such as Maajhi, Malwi, Doabi, Saraiki, Pothohari, and Jhangochi). Clan system Jat clan system All India Jat Mahasabha Centenary Celebrations 2007, Seen in the image are Dharmendra, Dara Singh, Kamal Patel The Jat people have always organized themselves into hundreds of patrilineage clans, Panchayat system or Khap. A clan was based on one small gotra or a number of related gotras under one elected leader whose word was law.[78] The big Jat clans now are so big that many individuals in them are only related to each other by individuals that lived typically hundreds of years ago. Mutual quarrels of any intensity could be settled by orders of Jat elders. In times of danger, the whole clan rallied under the banner of the leader. The Jat Khap or Panchayat system is territorial and highly democratic. A number of Khaps form a Sarva Khap embracing a full province or state. Negotiations were done at Sarva Khap level. In addition to the conventional Sarva Khap Panchayat, there are regional Jat Mahasabhas affiliated to the All India Jat Mahasabha to organize and safeguard the interests of the community, which held its meeting at regional and national levels to take stock of their activities and devise practical ways and means for the amelioration of the community.[79] The Jat people clan names are unique in South Asia. However, some of their clan names do overlap with the Rajputs and Gujjars.[80] List of Jat Clans have been compiled by many Jat historians like Ompal Singh Tugania,[81] Bhaleram Beniwal.[82][83] Mahendra Singh Arya and others,[84] Thakur Deshraj,[85] Dilip Singh Ahlawat,[86] Ram Swarup Joon[87] etc. The above lists have more than 2700 Jat gotras. Thakur Deshraj, Ram Swarup Joon and Dilip Singh Ahlawat have mentioned history of some of Jat gotras. Some websites of Jats have also prepared list of Jat Gotras with details of history and distriburion.[88] References ^ Jat population 1988. Hukum Singh Pawar (Pauria):The Jats - Their Origin, Antiquity and Migration.1993, ISBN 81-85253-22-8 ^ Tod, J., Annals and Antiquities of Rajasthan, Vol.1, Routledge & Kegan Paul Ltd., London, 1972 (reprint), first published in 1829, pp. 623. ^ Alexander Cunningham, Coins of the Indo-Scythians, Sakas, and Kushans, Indological Book House, Varanasi, India, 1971, first published in 1888, pp. 33. ^ Mahendra Singh Arya, Dharmpal Singh Dudi, Kishan Singh Faujdar & Vijendra Singh Narwar: Ādhunik Jat Itihasa (The modern history of Jats), Agra 1998, Page-1 ^ Thakur Deshraj: Jat Ithas, Delhi, 1992, pp. 96, 101 ^ Thakur Deshraj: Jat Ithas, Delhi, 1992, p. 30 धन्यं यशस्यम आयुष्यं सवपक्षॊथ्भावनं शुभम ज्ञातीनाम अविनाशः सयाथ यदा कृष्ण तदा कुरु Mahabharata (XII.82.27) dhanyaṃ yaśasyam āyuṣyaṃ svapakṣodbhāvanaṃ śubham jñātīnām avināśaḥ syād yathā kṛṣṇa tathā kuru Mahabharata (XII.82.27) माधवाः कुकुरा भॊजाः सर्वे चान्धकवृष्णयः (Andhaka+Vrishni) तवय्य आसक्ता महाबाहॊ लॊका लॊकेश्वराश च ये Mahabharata (XII.82.29) mādhavāḥ kukurā bhojāḥ sarve cāndhakavṛṣṇayaḥ tvayy āsaktā mahābāho lokā lokeśvarāś ca ye Mahabharata (XII.82.29) ^ CV Vaidya, History of Medieval Hindu India ^ G.C. Dwivedi, The Jats, Their role in the Mughal Empire, Delhi, Ed Vir Singh, 2003, p. 7 ^ K.R.Qanungo, History of the Jat people, Ed Vir Singh, Delhi, 2003, p. 16 ^ S.M. Yunus Jaffery:The Jats - Their Role and Contribution to the Socio-Economic Life and Polity of North and North West India, Vol.I, 2004. Page 36-37, Ed. by Vir Singh, Publisher - M/S Originals (an imprint of low priced publications), A-6, Nimri commercial Centre, Near Ashok Vihar, Phase-IV, Delhi-110052 ^ B.S. Dhillon: History and Study of the Jats,ISBN 1-895603-02-1 ^ ""The search with the Jat Sikhs and Jats of Haryana most frequent haplotypes resulted no matches in Romani populations."". Fsijournal.org. http://www.fsijournal.org/article/S0379-0738(06)00523-8/abstract?articleId=S1872-4973%2807%2900046-4&articleTitle=Y+chromosome+haplotype+reference+database+%28YHRD%29%3A+Update&citedBy=false&medlinePmidWithoutMDLNPrefix=&overridingDateRestricti%20. Retrieved 2009-08-09. ^ "Jat mutation found in Romani populations". Medicalnewstoday.com. http://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/146142.php. Retrieved 2009-08-09. ^ http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2009/04/090415074850.htm www.sciencedaily.com ^ http://www.leeds.ac.uk/media/press_releases/current09/glaucoma.htm Leeds University Press Release ^ Mayall, David. Gypsy identities, 1500–2000: from ... - Google Books. Books.google.co.uk. ISBN 9781857289602. http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=jHllbAvjX_gC&pg=PA122&lpg=PA122&dq=JAT+AND+GYPSY+CONNECTION&source=bl&ots=IcyVr9AI41&sig=wDQjHS_FMkG2YFi7yEKHWKmrdEY&hl=en&ei=r_tASp3cHtGZjAfmltyQCQ&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=3. Retrieved 2009-08-09. ^ Saul, Nicholas; Tebbutt, Susan. The role of the Romanies: images and ... - Google Books. Books.google.co.uk. ISBN 9780853236795. http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=KNVhLzzIcCEC&pg=PA94&lpg=PA94&dq=JAT+AND+GYPSY+genetic&source=bl&ots=EVMH52uVF6&sig=D546esHN3VmtG-6bObsE_f7oKsU&hl=en&ei=1fxASvTLOqS8jAfYjL2QCQ&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=7. Retrieved 2009-08-09. ^ "ROMANI Project - Manchester". Romani.humanities.manchester.ac.uk. http://romani.humanities.manchester.ac.uk/db/bibliography/index.html?cat=19. Retrieved 2009-08-09. ^ Hancock, Ian. Ame Sam e Rromane Džene/We are the Romani people. p. 13. ISBN 1-902806-19-0 ^ a b James Todd, Annals and Antiquities, Vol.II, p. 1126=27 ^ Thakur Deshraj, Jat Itihas, 1934, p. 616-624 ^ Ibid., Seventh clan of Jats ^ James Todd, Annals and Antiquities, Vol.II, p. 1126=27 ^ K.R.Qanungo, History of the Jats, Ed. Vir Singh, 2003, p.17 ^ Memoirs of Humayun, p. 45 ^ Thakur Deshraj, Jat Itihas, p.705 ^ Thakur Deshraj, Jat Itihas (Hindi), Maharaja Suraj Mal Smarak Shiksha Sansthan, Delhi, 1934, 2nd edition 1992 page 702. ^ Sindh Ka itihas, p.30 ^ "The Department of Archaeology and Museums, Government of Rajasthan". Museumsrajasthan.gov.in. http://museumsrajasthan.gov.in/mounment_11.htm. Retrieved 2009-08-09. ^ Thakur Deshraj, Jat Itihas, p.208-211 ^ Girish Chandra Dwivedi, The Jats – Their role in the Mughal empire, Ed. by Vir Singh. Delhi, 2003, p. 15 ^ Girish Chandra Dwivedi, The Jats – Their role in the Mughal empire, Ed. by Vir Singh. Delhi, 2003, p. 25 ^ Siyar IV, p. 28 ^ K.R. Qanungo, History of the Jats, Ed. Vir Singh, Delhi, 2003, p. 97 ^ a b Ajay Kumar Agnihotri (1985) : "Gohad ke Jaton ka Itihas" (Hindi), p.63-71 ^ Prakash Chandra Chandawat: Maharaja Suraj Mal aur unka yug, Jaypal Agencies Agra, 1982, Pages 197–200 ^ SINGH,BHAGAT A History of Sikh Misals Patiala,India, Punjabi University. 1993, First Edition ^ Patiala Heritage Society. "Reference to Sikh State". Patialaheritage.in. http://patialaheritage.in/in/history.html. Retrieved 2009-08-09. ^ "Reference to Sikh States". Patiala.nic.in. http://patiala.nic.in/html/history.htm. Retrieved 2009-08-09. ^ a b c History of the Jatt Clans - H.S. Duleh. ^ SINGH,BHAGAT A History of Sikh Misals Patiala,India, Punjabi University. 1993, First Edition page 130 ^ http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=riBJH0J1FR0C&pg=PA541&dq=faridkot+brar&as_brr=3&cd=1#v=onepage&q=faridkot%20brar&f=false ^ http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=hIPy0LpPm9oC&pg=PA227&dq=kalsia&lr=&as_brr=3&cd=18#v=onepage&q=kalsia&f=false ^ Sir Lepel Griffin, Punjab Chiefs, Vol. 1, p 219 "...and from Sansi the Sindhanwalias and the Sansis have a common descent. The Sansis were the theivish and degraded tribe [sic] and the house of Sindhanwalia naturally feeling ashamed of its Sansi name invented a romantic story to account for it. But the relationship between the nobles and the beggars, does not seem the less certain and if history of Maharaja Ranjit Singh is attentively considered it will appear that much his policy and many of his actions had the true Sansi complexion" ^ a b c d e f g Kalika Ranjan Qanungo: History of the Jats, Delhi 2003. Edited and annotated by Vir Singh ^ The People of Asia by Gordon T. Bowles. Weidenfeld and Nicolson, London. 1977, p. 158. ^ Census of India 1931, Vol. I, Pt. 2; Delhi: 1933. Encl. Brit. Vol. 12, 1968 Jats, p. 969 ^ Hukum Singh Pawar (Pauria): The Jats - Their Origin, Antiquity and Migration. 1993, ISBN 81-85253-22-8 ^ History and study of the Jats. B. S. Dhillon, year=1994, Beta Publishers, ISBN 1-895603-02-1 ^ Sukhbir Singh q. in "Suraj Sujan", August, September and October Issues, 1990, Maharaja Suraj Mal Sansthan, C-4, Janakpuri, New Delhi. ^ http://www.expressindia.com/news/ie/daily/19991023/ige23036.html ^ http://searchandhra.com/politics/jats-want-obc-status-in-haryana ^ http://sify.com/news/so-why-are-the-gujjars-hungry-for-the-st-pie-news-national-jegr99ahfcd.html ^ Political process in Uttar Pradesh: identity, economic reforms, and governance By Sudha Pai, Jawaharlal Nehru University. Centre for Political Studies ^ "Central List Of Other Backward Classes: Gujarat". National Commission for Backward Classes. http://ncbc.nic.in/backward-classes/gujarat.html. Retrieved 2007-06-24. ^ "Central List Of Other Backward Classes: Madhya Pradesh". National Commission for Backward Classes. http://ncbc.nic.in/backward-classes/mp.html. Retrieved 2007-06-24. ^ Haryana Online ^ Poor rural India? It's a richer place - International Herald Tribune ^ Book by Ghansyam Shah on cast and politics , Google book store ^ History of Punjab politics: Jats do it! ^ K L Sharma:The Jats - Their Role and Contribution to the Socio-Economic Life and Polity of North and North West India, Vol.I, 2004. Ed. by Vir Singh, p.14 ^ The Jats - Their Origin, Antiquity and Migration. 1993, ISBN 81-85253-22-8 ^ B. S. Dhillon (1994). History and study of the Jatts. Beta Publishers. ISBN 1895603021. ^ K.R.Qanungo, History of the Jat people, Ed Vir Singh, Delhi, 2003 ^ "Association of Jats of America". AJATA. http://www.ajata.org/. Retrieved 2009-08-09. ^ [(NJAC) North American Jat Charities http://www.najatcharities.org/about.html] ^ a b Mangal sen Jindal (1992): History of Origin of Some Clans in India (with special Reference to Jats), Sarup & Sons, 4378/4B, Ansari Road, Darya Ganj, New Delhi-110002 ISBN 81-85431-08-6, Page-17, 36. ^ Glossary of the tribes and castes of the Punjab and NWFP, H A Rose ^ a b http://www.india-defence.com/reports/2849 ^ http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/MONITOR/ISSUE3-4/bajwa.html ^ Glossary of the tribes the Punjab and NWFP, H A Rose ^ Miller, D.B. (1975). From hierarchy to stratification: changing patterns of social inequality in .... Oxford University Press. p. 64. http://books.google.com/books?ei=zTWdS7mmDIOUlAS-9fGtCQ&cd=7&id=K98EAAAAMAAJ&dq=jat+kshatriya&q=Jat+kshatriya#search_anchor. ^ Haryana-Online. "Jats". http://www.haryana-online.com/people/jats.htm. Retrieved 30 March 2010. ^ Dahiya, Bhim Singh (1980). Jats, the ancient rulers: a clan study. Sterling. p. 350. http://books.google.com/books?ei=Vf44SuPSLsvRjAeP5_SmDQ&ct=result&id=-_A8AAAAMAAJ&dq=jat+kshatriya&pg=PA777&lpg=PA777&sig=ACfU3U1tNfhcFEUZZPewPhQFAfXwevxOlw&q=Jat+kshatriya#search_anchor. ^ Tod.II.256 ^ The transformation of Sikh society‎ - Page 92 by Ethne K. Marenco - The gazetteer also describes the relation of the Jat Sikhs to the Jat Hindus ...to 2019 in 1911 is attributed to the conversion of Jat Hindus to Sikhism. ... ^ Social philosophy and social transformation of Sikhs‎ by R. N. Singh (Ph. D.) Page 130 - The decrease of Jat Hindus from 16843 in 1881 to 2019 in 1911 is attributed to the conversion of Jat Hindus to Sikhism. ... ^ Maheswari Prasad:The Jats - Their role & contribution to the socio-economic life and polity of North & North-West India, Vol.I Ed. Vir Singh, ISBN 81-88629-17-0, p.27 ^ B.K. Nagla, "Jats of Haryana: A sociplogical Analysis", The Jats, Vol. II, Ed. Vir Singh, p.308 ^ Marshall, J., A Guide to Taxila, Cambridge University Press, London, 1960, pp. 24. ^ Ompal Singh Tugania: Jat samudāy ke pramukh Ādhār bindu, Jaypal Agencies, Agra 2004 ^ Bhaleram Beniwal: Jāton kā Ādikālīn Itihāsa, Jaypal Agencies, Agra 2005. ^ Bhaleram Beniwal: Jāt Yodhaon ke Balidān, Jaypal Agencies, Agra 2005 ^ Mahendra Singh Arya, Dharmpal Singh Dudi, Kishan Singh Faujdar & Vijendra Singh Narwar: Ādhunik Jat Itihasa (The modern history of Jats), Agra 1998 ^ Thakur Deshraj: Jat Itihasa (Hindi), Maharaja Suraj Mal Smarak Shiksha Sansthan, Delhi, 1934, 2nd ^ Dilip Singh Ahlawat: Jat viron ka Itihasa ^ Ram Swarup Joon: History of the Jats, Rohtak, India (1938, 1967) ^ List of Jat Gotras on Jatland In Pakistan the head of Pakistan Muslim League(Q) and former prime Minister Ch. Shujaat Hussain is a Jat also. His Cousin Ch. Pervaiz Ilahi who was the Chief Minister of Punjab (Pakistani) is also a Jat. Further reading Historical Evidence Chapter 1:Scythic Origin of the Rajput Race by Mulchand Chauhan Rattan Singh Bhangoo. Prachin Panth Parkash, Punjabi, Published in 1841. Bal Kishan Dabas. Political and Social History of the Jats". Sanjay Prakashan, 2001. ISBN 81-7453-045-2 Dharampal Singh Dudee. Indian Army History: France to Kargil. 2001. Dharampal Singh Dudee. Navin Jat History. Shaheed Dham Trust, Bhiwani, Haryana, India. Kanungo. History of the Jats. Natthan Singh. Jat-Itihas. Jat Samaj Kalyan Parishad, Gwalior, 2004. Hukum Singh Panwar (Pauria). The Jats: Their Origin, Antiquity & Migrations. Manthan Publications, Rohtak, Haryana. ISBN 81-85235-22-8 K. Natwar Singh. Maharaja Suraj Mal. Prakash Chandra Chandawat. Maharaja Suraj Mal Aur Unka Yug (1745–1763). Jaypal Agencies, Agra. 1982. (in Hindi) Raj Pal Singh. Rise of the Jat Power. Harman Pub. House. ISBN 81-85151-05-9 Aadhunik Jat Itihas. Dharmpal Singh Dudee & Mahinder Singh Arya. Jaypal Agency, Agra. 1998. Ram Swaroop Joon. History of the Jats. Shashi Prabha Gupta. Demographic Differentials Among the Rajputs and the Jats: A Socio-Biological Study of Rural Haryana. Classical Pub. House. ISBN 81-7054-180-8 Thakur Deshraj Jat Itihasa Maharaja Suraj Mal. Smarak Shiksha Sansthan, Delhi. 1936. (in Hindi) Girish Chandra Dwivedi The Jats - Their Role in the Mughal Empire. Surajmal Educational Society, New Delhi, India. ISBN- 81-7031-150-0. Atal Singh Khokkar. Jaton ki Utpati evam Vistar. Jaipal Agencies, 31-1 Subashpuram, Agra, UP, India 282007. 2002. Chaudhary Kabul Singh. Sarv Khap Itihasa (History of the Jat Republic). Shoram, Muzzafarnagar, U.P. India. 1976. Nihal Singh Arya. Sarv Khap Panchayat ka Rastriya Parakram (The National Role of the Jat Republic of Haryana). Arya mandal, B 11 Om Mandal, Nangloi, New Delhi, India. 1991 Mangal sen Jindal. History of Origin of Some Clans in India (with special Reference to Jats). Sarup & Sons, 4378/4B, Ansari Road, Darya Ganj, New Delhi-110002. ISBN 81-85431-08-6 Vir Singh. The Jats - Their Role and Contribution to the Socio Economic Life and Polity of North and North West India. Surajmal Educational Society, D K Publishers, New Delhi, India. 2004. ISBN 81-88629-16-2 B. S. Dhillon History and study of the Jats, Beta Publishers. 1994. ISBN 1-895603-02-1 Encyclopedia of Medical Anthropology By Melvin Ember, Page 777